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Weekly IRS Roundup October 24 – October 28, 2022

by | Oct 31, 2022 | , ,

Presented below is our summary of significant Internal Revenue Service (IRS) guidance and relevant tax matters for the week of October 24, 2022 – October 28, 2022.

October 24, 2022: The IRS released Internal Revenue Bulletin 2022-43, which highlights the following:

  • Revenue Procedure 2022-31: This procedure provides guidance on the development, printing and approval of 2022 substitute tax forms.
  • Revenue Procedure 2022-37: This procedure provides the amounts of unused housing credit carryovers allocated to qualified states under Section 42(h)(3)(D) of the Internal Revenue Code for calendar year 2022.
  • Notice 2022-41: This notice expands the application of permitted change-in-status rules for health coverage under a Section 125 cafeteria plan. Specifically, this notice addresses when a plan participant may want to revoke an employee’s election under the cafeteria plan for family coverage under a group health plan (other than a flexible spending arrangement) in order to allow one or more family members to enroll in a Qualified Health Plan through a Health Insurance Exchange in the individual market.
  • Notice 2022-46: This notice requests comments on tax credits for clean vehicles.
  • Notice 2022-47: This notice requests comments on energy security tax credits for manufacturing.
  • Notice 2022-48: This notice requests comments on incentive provisions for improving the energy efficiency of residential and commercial buildings.
  • Notice 2022-49: This notice requests comments on certain energy generation incentives.
  • Notice 2022-50: This notice requests comments on the elective payment of applicable credits and the transfer of certain credits.
  • Notice 2022-51: This notice requests comments on prevailing wage, apprenticeship, domestic content and energy community requirements under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.
  • Notice 2022-52: This notice provides additional temporary relief from certain requirements under Section 42 by extending the placed-in-service deadlines for qualified low-income housing projects. The notice is a result of numerous inquiries received related to labor and supply chain disruptions delaying the construction, rehabilitation and restoration of properties.

October 24, 2022: The IRS reminded taxpayers who sell goods and provide services that they may receive a Form 1099-K, Payment Card and Third-Party Network Transactions, for transactions that amount to more than $600 for the year. Income from part-time work and side jobs is taxable, and taxpayers must report all their income unless it is excluded by law. Money received from friends and relatives as personal gifts or reimbursements for expenses is not taxable.

October 24, 2022: The IRS released COVID Tax Tip 2022-162, providing information related to early withdrawals from retirement funds.

October 25, 2022: The IRS reminded farmers, ranchers and farm workers that they can find ag-related tax information on IRS.gov.

October 26, 2022: The IRS released Tax Tip 2022-164, advising [...]

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The IRS Can Share Your Tax Information with Foreign Governments

by and | Oct 28, 2022 | , , ,

The recent Zhang v. United States case, Docket No. 21-17093 (9th Cir. Oct. 18, 2022), serves as a reminder that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) can force you to disclose and share your tax information with foreign governments. The taxpayers in Zhang appealed the decision from the US District Court for the Northern District of California denying their petition to quash an IRS summons for information. The summons was at the request of the Canadian tax authority pursuant to a bilateral tax treaty between the United States and Canada. The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reaffirmed that the IRS can seek information for, and on behalf of, a foreign government as long as the request satisfies the accepted guidelines of requesting information in the United States—for example, the “good faith” requirement announced in United States v. Powell, 379 U.S. 48, 57-58 (1964).

So why do we highlight Zhang for you? In this ever-increasing world of tax information transparency, taxpayers need to be mindful of the ability of tax authorities to share information with each other and adjust their taxes accordingly. During a tax audit, it’s a strategic decision as to what tax information to share and what not to share with each tax authority. Telling different stories to different tax authorities could lead to more intrusive audits/scrutiny and higher overall tax bills and could even lead to criminal prosecution. Below are some basic principles to keep in mind:

  • There are three primary methods as to how countries share tax information with each other:
    • Automatic Exchanges
    • Spontaneous Exchanges
    • Targeted Requests
  • Automatic exchanges are becoming increasingly used by countries (g., BEPS Action 5 and the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act) because they are automatic and routine and usually associated with standardized financial/bank transactions.
  • A spontaneous exchange occurs when one country sees something of interest and alerts another country about a potential tax issue or as part of a joint audit by the countries.
    • These exchanges are usually facilitated by provisions in bilateral tax treaties.
    • The IRS’s Internal Revenue Manual (g., IRM 4.60.1.3) has detailed instructions for IRS employees on how to handle these treaty exchanges.
  • Targeted requests (like in Zhang) are typically initiated by one country that is a party to an information exchange treaty to seek information needed by that country in its tax investigation of its resident or citizen.
    • In such a case where a foreign government makes a request of the US government through a treaty, the IRS Office of the Competent Authority on the US side handles the request. (See, e.g., IRM 4.60.1.2.2.4.)
    • If the US taxpayer does not comply with the IRS request for information made by the foreign government (usually in the form of an “Information Document Request”), the IRS can use its administrative summons power to enforce the summons in court (which is what happened in Zhang).

Practice Point: It is crucial to be strategic [...]

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Weekly IRS Roundup October 17 – October 21, 2022

by | Oct 24, 2022 | , ,

Presented below is our summary of significant Internal Revenue Service (IRS) guidance and relevant tax matters for the week of October 17, 2022 – October 21, 2022.

October 17, 2022: The IRS released Internal Revenue Bulletin 2022-42, which highlights the following:

  • Notice 2022-45: This notice extends the deadline for amending an eligible retirement plan to reflect the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) and the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020 (Relief Act). Both allow for special tax treatment with respect to a coronavirus-related distribution or a qualified disaster distribution.
  • Notice 2022-43: This notice provides guidance regarding the extension of the four-year replacement period for livestock sold because of the drought. The relief extends to 44 states, two US territories and two independent nations. It generally applies to capital gains realized on sales of livestock held for draft, dairy or breeding purposes.

October 17, 2022: The IRS announced its continued support to fight fraud targeting charities, businesses and individuals during Charity Fraud Awareness Week, which was October 17 to October 21. The IRS estimates that charities lose 5% of their revenue each year to fraud.

October 17, 2022: The IRS released Tax Tip 2022-158, reminding taxpayers to review their withholdings and estimated tax payments.

October 17, 2022: The IRS released Revenue Ruling 2022-20, providing various prescribed rates for federal income tax purposes for November 2022.

October 17, 2022: The IRS released Notice 2022-54, which provides guidance on the corporate bond monthly yield curve and corresponding spot segment rates and the 24-month average segment rates for October 2022. The notice also provides guidance as to interest rates on 30-year Treasury securities and 30-year Treasury weighted average rates.

October 17, 2022: The IRS reminded families that they may be eligible for the Child Tax Credit if they claim at least one child as their dependent. The IRS specifically urges grandparents, foster parents or people caring for siblings or other relatives to check whether they are eligible to receive the 2021 Child Tax Credit.

October 18, 2022: The IRS released Tax Tip 2022-159, suggesting that taxpayers with an outstanding tax bill consider making an Offer in Compromise. An Offer in Compromise is an option for taxpayers who cannot pay their full tax liabilities or in situations where paying the balance would create financial hardship.

October 18, 2022: The IRS announced the 2023 annual inflation adjustments for more than 60 tax provisions, including the tax rate schedules and other tax changes. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 is extending certain tax breaks related to energy for the first time in 2023. The standard deduction for a married couple filing jointly and single and married taxpayers filing separately is also increasing. All of the 2023 adjustments can be found in
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IRS Releases 2023 Annual Inflation Adjustments

by , and | Oct 21, 2022 | ,

On October 18, 2022, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) announced the annual inflation adjustments for 2023 related to more than 60 tax provisions, with some increasing, some maintaining and some new additions to the list. The tax adjustments generally apply to tax returns for the 2023 tax year that will be filed in 2024 (i.e., the adjustment will not apply to tax returns filed next year for the 2022 tax year). The highlights are summarized below, but you can find the complete list detailed in Revenue Procedure 2022-38.

2023 Marginal Income Tax Brackets

Tax Rate Single Taxpayers,
Income Greater Than: Married Couples Filing Jointly, Income Greater Than: 37% $578,125 $693,750 35% $231,250 $462,500 32% $182,100 $364,200 24% $95,375 $190,750 22% $44,725 $89,450 12% $11,000 $22,000 10% $11,000 or less $22,000 or less

 

2023 Standard Deduction

Married couples filing jointly $27,700 (increase of $1,800) Single taxpayers and married individuals filing separately $13,850 (increase of $900) Heads of households $20,800 (increase of $1,400)

 

Alternative Minimum Tax Exemption

  • Unmarried individuals: $81,300
  • Joint returns or surviving spouses: $126,500
  • Married individuals filing separately: $63,250
  • Estates and Trusts: $28,400

Earned Income Tax Credit

  • $3,995 for one qualifying child
  • $6,604 for two qualifying children
  • $7,430 for three or more qualifying children

Qualified Transportation Fringe Benefit

  • $300

Foreign Earned Income Exclusion

  • $120,000

Basic Exclusion Amount for Estates of Decedents

  • $12,920,000

Annual Exclusion for Gifts

  • $17,000

New for 2023: Energy-Efficient Commercial Building Deduction

  • The applicable dollar value used to determine the maximum allowance of the deduction is $0.54 (increased by $0.02), but not above $1.07, for each percentage point by which the total annual energy and power costs for the building are certified to be reduced by a percentage greater than 25%.
  • The applicable dollar value used to determine the increased deduction amount for certain property is $2.68 (increased by $0.11), but not above $5.36, for each percentage point by which the total annual energy and power costs for the building are certified to be reduced by a percentage greater than 25%.

Items Not Changing

  • Personal exemption for the 2023 tax year remains at zero
  • No limit on itemized deductions (same as 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019 and 2018)

Practice Point: The above adjustments are a welcome development for taxpayers in the wake of inflation. However, it is important to note that any tax relief will not be immediate as the adjustments are for the 2023 tax year and will be reflected on tax returns filed in 2024.



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IRS Releases Memorandum Regarding Advance Payments of Section 367(d) Inclusions

by , , and | Oct 19, 2022 |

On September 23, 2022, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) released a memorandum (AM 2022-003) concluding that taxpayers cannot make advance payments of section 367(d) inclusions except in the limited situation in which the US transferor receives boot in connection with the initial transfer of intangible property (IP) to a foreign corporation. The memorandum is relevant to any taxpayers who made, or are considering making, advance payments of section 367(d) amounts. In our view, the memorandum (which does not have precedential value) is not persuasive, and both its reasoning and its conclusion are inconsistent with prior IRS guidance and analogous long-standing case law.

OVERVIEW OF SECTION 367(d) AND NOTICE 2012-39

Section 367(d) generally provides that when a US person (USP) transfers IP to a foreign corporation in an otherwise tax-free exchange under sections 351 or 361, the US transferor is treated as having sold the IP in exchange for contingent payments and receiving amounts which would have been received annually in the form of such payments. The amounts included in the US transferor’s income (i.e., the section 367(d) inclusions) are treated as ordinary income and royalties for purposes of determining the source and foreign tax credit limitation category. See sections 865(d)(1)(B) (source); 367(d)(2)(C) (foreign tax credit limitation category). See also section 904(d)(3)(A); Reg. §1.904-5(b) (look-through rules).

In Notice 2012-39, the IRS treated boot received in an outbound section 367(d) transaction as an advance payment of the section 367(d) inclusion. In the Notice, the IRS described a situation in which a US Parent (USP) owns a US company (UST) with a basis and value of $100, and UST owns IP with a basis of $0 and a value of $100. Pursuant to an “all-cash D” reorganization, UST transferred IP with a value equal to $100 to a controlled foreign corporation (CFC) owned by USP in exchange for $100 and then UST distributed the cash to its USP in liquidation. As described in the Notice, UST would report the $100 received from CFC as tax free under section 361, and USP would report no dividend income or gain from receiving the $100 cash under the “gain within boot” rule in section 356(a)(1) (because there was no built-in gain in the stock of UST). According to the Notice, taxpayers would take the position that “the transactions have resulted in a repatriation in excess of $100x ($100x at the time of the reorganization and then through repayment of the receivable in the amount of USP’s income inclusions over time) while only recognizing income in the amount of the inclusions over time.” Thus, USP could receive, for example, $200 of cash ($100 from the initial transfer and $100 over time related to the section 367(d) inclusions) but only include $100 in income (over time on the section 367(d) inclusions).

To address what the IRS and the US Department of the Treasury perceived to be an inappropriate repatriation of cash, the Notice provided that in such a situation, the $100 received by UST in the initial outbound [...]

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New IRS Funding Will Be Used to Focus on Tax Compliance of Non-US Citizens and Residents

by and | Oct 18, 2022 | , ,

US Congress will be giving the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) $79.6 billion over the next 10 years in an effort to put the agency back on the path to effective and efficient tax administration. The money will find lots of uses, including for the hiring of new personnel and updating the IRS’s antiquated technology.

At a recent American Bar Association Tax Section conference, Audrey Morris from the IRS Office of Chief Counsel (Small Business/Self-Employed Division) publicly stated that tax compliance among foreign nationals living and working in the United States also will be a priority and focus of the IRS’s new funding.

We have reported extensively about the re-funding of the IRS. (See here and here for example.) There are special considerations for non-US citizens who are not in compliance with US tax laws. For example, failing to properly report taxable income could be a bar or impediment to obtaining immigration status in the United States.

Practice Point: If you are a foreign national living in the United States and you may not be in compliance with US tax rules, it is time to consider doing so. The IRS has programs to help, including a voluntary disclosure program by which taxpayers who knowingly have reported their income erroneously or have failed to report income at all can disclose their transgressions and clean up their non-compliance. (See, e.g., here.)

Care should be taken, however, when dealing with the convergence of tax and immigration issues. If you are dealing with these sorts of issues, we strongly suggest speaking frankly with your tax and immigration advisors before doing anything.



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Weekly IRS Roundup October 10 – October 14, 2022

by | Oct 17, 2022 | , ,

Presented below is our summary of significant Internal Revenue Service (IRS) guidance and relevant tax matters for the week of October 10, 2022 – October 14, 2022. 

October 11, 2022: The IRS released Internal Revenue Bulletin 2022-41, which highlights the following:

  • Notice 2022-42: This notice announces that the IRS and the US Department of the Treasury (Treasury) intend to amend the regulations under Section 901 with respect to the application of the noncompulsory payment regulations to certain amended Puerto Rico tax decrees.
  • Notice 2022-44: This notice provides annual awareness of the 2022-2023 special per diem rates for taxpayers to use when substantiating the amount of business expenses incurred while traveling away from home. The guidance addresses (1) the special transportation industry meal and incidental expenses rates, (2) the rate for the incidental expenses only deduction and (3) the rates and list of high-cost localities for purposes of the high-low substantiation method.
  • Revenue Procedure 2022-19: This revenue procedure provides guidance to allow S corporations and their shareholders to resolve frequently encountered issues with certainty and without requesting a private letter ruling issued by the IRS.

October 11, 2022: The IRS issued Notice 2022-41, which expands the application of permitted change-in-status rules for health coverage under a Section 125 cafeteria plan. This guidance addresses when a plan participant may want to revoke the employee’s election under the cafeteria plan for family coverage under a group health plan (other than a flexible spending arrangement) in order to allow one or more family members to enroll in a Qualified Health Plan through a Health Insurance Exchange in the individual market.

October 11, 2022: The IRS announced that seminars from the 2022 IRS Nationwide Tax Forum are now available online. The platform offers 18 self-study seminars, including ones on the following topics:

  • IRS Commissioner Chuck Rettig’s Keynote Address
  • Tax Law Changes for Tax Year 2022 – in English and Spanish
  • Professional Responsibility Obligations (Ethics) – in English and Spanish
  • Tax Treatment of Digital Assets
  • Tax-Exempt Organizations Update
  • Emerging Cyber Crimes – in English and Spanish

October 11, 2022: The IRS announced that it is expanding dyed diesel penalty relief in response to Hurricane Ian. The IRS will not impose a penalty when dyed diesel fuel with a sulfur content that does not exceed 15 parts-per-million is sold for use or used on highways in the state of Florida. The relief began on September 28, 2022, and lasts through October 19, 2022. The penalty relief previously only applied to emergency vehicles.

October 11, 2022: The IRS issued a statement related to uncertain tax positions (UTP) reporting. Draft changes to the Schedule UTP and the UTP instructions are available at Draft Task Forms. The draft changes are intended to improve the form’s usefulness by incorporating additional relevant examples and [...]

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IRS to Update Schedule UTP to Require Additional Transparency

by and | Oct 14, 2022 | ,

On October 11, 2022, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) announced draft changes to Schedule UTP, Uncertain Tax Position Return Statement, and Form 1120, Instructions for Schedule UTP, for the 2022 tax year (processing year 2023). Since the 2010 tax year, Schedule UTP has been used by certain corporations to report uncertain tax positions. Corporations filing Forms 1120, 1120-F, 1120-L or 1120-PC are required to file Schedule UTP if their total assets equal or exceed the applicable asset threshold for the tax year and if the corporation records a liability for unrecognized tax benefits for a US federal income tax position in audited financial statements.

The changes to the form include a new field for the incremental dollar amount of the uncertain tax positions taken. Also, for tax positions reported on Schedule UTP, rather than filing Form 8275, Disclosure Statement, or Form 8275-R, Regulation Disclosure Statement, new columns will identify the rulings or regulation sections that are contrary to positions taken on the tax return. (Proper disclosure on Schedule UTP may allow taxpayers to avoid certain penalties). Finally, the instructions incorporate more relevant examples and provide enhanced guidance on what constitutes an adequate disclosure for the concise description. Comments can be submitted to the IRS regarding the draft changes.

Practice Point: The IRS is continuing its effort of having corporations self-identify uncertain tax positions (although there remain questions on how the IRS actually uses the information disclosed on a Schedule UTP). Requiring the identification of specific IRS guidance that is contrary to the taxpayer’s position is noteworthy given the IRS’s recent position that challenges to regulations will not be resolved at the examination or IRS Appeals levels. Corporations subject to the Schedule UTP reporting requirement will need to review their past practices and ensure that future Schedule UTP filings comply with the draft changes once finalized.



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Weekly IRS Roundup September 26 – September 30, 2022

by | Oct 3, 2022 | , , ,

Presented below is our summary of significant Internal Revenue Service (IRS) guidance and relevant tax matters for the week of September 26, 2022 – September 30, 2022.

September 26, 2022: The IRS released Internal Revenue Bulletin 2022-39, which highlights the following:

  • REG-125693-19: These proposed regulations clarify issues that do not meet the definition of a federal tax controversy, exceptions to consideration by the IRS Office of Appeals (IRS Appeals), and procedural and timing requirements that must be met before IRS Appeals will consider an issue. The proposed regulations also provide the requirements a taxpayer must meet to receive the notice described in Internal Revenue Code (Code) Section 7803(e)(5) when the taxpayer requests consideration by IRS Appeals and the request is denied. More coverage of this issue can be found here.
  • Notice 2022-38: This notice publishes the inflation adjustment factor for the carbon oxide sequestration credit under § 45Q for calendar year 2022. This notice also informs taxpayers that 2022 will be the final calendar year for which they may claim a credit under Code Section 45Q(a)(1) and (2) for qualified carbon oxide that is captured by carbon capture equipment originally placed in service at a qualified facility before the date of enactment of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018.

September 26, 2022: The IRS issued Notice 2022-44, providing annual notice of the 2022 to 2023 special per diem rates for taxpayers to use when substantiating the amount of business expenses incurred while traveling away from home. Specifically, the notice addresses (1) the special transportation industry meal and incidental expenses rates, (2) the rate for the incidental expenses only deduction and (3) the rates and list of high-cost localities for purposes of the high-low substantiation method.

September 26, 2022: The IRS released Notice 2022-45, extending the deadline for amending an eligible retirement plan to reflect the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act and the Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020. Both allow for special tax treatment with respect to a coronavirus-related distribution or a qualified disaster distribution.

September 26, 2022: The IRS released Tax Tip 2022-147, highlighting five resources people can find on IRS.gov. These resources are:

  1. Taxpayer Bill of Rights
  2. How to apply for 501(c)3 status
  3. IRS tax volunteer opportunities
  4. Latest tax scams
  5. Interactive Tax Assistant

September 27, 2022: The IRS released Tax Tip 2022-148, providing the steps for becoming an IRS-authorized e-file provider.

September 27, 2022: The IRS announced that victims of storms and flooding in Alaska, which started on September 15, now have until February 15, 2023, to file various federal individual and business tax returns and make tax payments. The relief is available to anyone in an area designated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency [...]

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